PRINCIPLE ACTIVITIES

PRINCIPLE ACTIVITIES

For two decades the international coffee agreements since the 1960s, the cooperation between producers and consumers has been influenced by a desire to seek assurance and quality supply of coffee in international markets and the expansion of the source area pasoknya. To safeguard the interests of the consumer is always open to improving cost producing countries in the form of coffee beans. FOB price increase in coffee bean producing countries to be very effective stimulus for the expansion of production.

In that time, the consumer countries is not only willing to raise prices based on the principle that renumerative price, but if necessary also far above the original price helped push the supply and guarantee a better quality. International financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank also actively encourage the growth of supply and quality in producing countries.

Entering the 1980s had seen the signs of change in the balance between demand and supply. The number of production increased rapidly and so is the area of production sources become more varied with the presence of new arrivals. Quality of coffee in general also improved. This brings a new alternative for the consumer countries so that bargaining position in the ICO becomes stronger than the previous position of producer countries.

In these circumstances, consumer countries began loudly voicing the desire to manage the business world coffee can then be carried out based on the principle of market orientation, where prices are determined by supply and demand alone, and do not want any of this intervensi.Hal real meaning is to deny the principle used renumerative previously.

With the entry of the principle of market orientation, market intervention by the ICO in the form of quotas, which led many consumers and member states producing countries do not get a fair space, deleted. This situation quickly led into the form of cooperation is a new coffee agreement without economic clauses.

Now that warrant attention again how Indonesia was not returned to the expiration of quotas ICO sisteim the past, but how should this cooperation be developed within the ICO without directly interfering with the market and how Indonesia should be able to take maximum benefit from the ICO. In its present form, the ICO should be seen as an effective forum of dialogue between consumers and producers about various matters relating to the market as a contract, settlement of trade disputes in general quality standard, and as a forum of technical cooperation coffee culture.

Various cooperation projects currently developed in ICO with the help of UNCTAD / Common Fund until now very little attention by us. Similarly Dialogue Forum between the business community in the ICO is still less developed, but so many problems that require the coffee trade is a close cooperation between producers and consumers as the standard issues, contracts and dispute resolution. Indonesia should be able to apply various projects and problems that need for the development of the national coffee

Coffee Council International

Coffee Council International

• Composition of the International Coffee Council

Organization is the highest authority in the International Coffee Council, which consists of all Members of the Organization. Each Member shall appoint one representative on the Board and, if desired, one or more replacement. Members may also appoint one or more advisers to the representative or successor.

• The authority and function of the Board

Authority specifically granted by this Agreement must be specified in the Council, which will have the authority and carry out the work required to implement the provisions of this Agreement. Council will delegate to the Chairman of the Board, with the help of the Secretariat, the task to obtain assurance about the validity of the various written communications with respect to the provisions. Chairman shall submit a report to the Board.
Council may establish committees or working groups, if deemed necessary.

• Board Assemblies

In accordance with the general provisions, the Council must hold a session remains two times a year. Council may hold a special session, at the request Eksekutuf Agency, or any five members or members who have at least 200 votes.
The trial must be held at the seat of the Organization, unless the Council decides on the basis of two-thirds majority vote is given. Quorum necessary for the Council meeting will take decisions must be attended by more than half of the exporting and importing members representing at least two-thirds vote.

IMPLEMENTATION

IMPLEMENTATION

Member countries take the steps necessary to enable them to fulfill its obligations under this Agreement and fully cooperate with each other to ensure the achievement of the objectives of the Covenant. Member States in particular implement the provision of all necessary information in order to facilitate the application of the Agreement.

Certificate of origin is an important source of information in the coffee trade. Therefore, Members of the Petroleum Exporting responsible for ensuring the issuance and use of the Certificate of origin based on regulations set by the Board.

Member States also recognizes the importance of information about the re-export to properly analyze the world coffee economy. Therefore, Importing Member States shall communicate information about the re-export properly and regularly, in the form and manner prescribed by the Board.

MEMBERSHIP ICO

MEMBERSHIP ICO

There are three types of membership of the countries that signed this agreement. First, membership organization, which all parties signed this agreement, together with the territory for which this Agreement is extended according to the provisions of article 48, must be a single member of the Organization. Members can change the category of membership with the requirements approved by the Council; Second, a separate membership for certain areas, which is a net importer of coffee; Third, group membership, ie groups that are net exporters of coffee.

POSITION AND STRUCTURE ICO

International coffee organization established under the International Coffee Agreement 1962 should remain there to manage the provisions and supervise the implementation of this Agreement. The position of this organization must be in London unless the Council by a majority of two thirds of the other decides. Structurally, the organization should work through the International Coffee Council and the Executive Board, and will be assisted by the World Coffee Conference, Private Sector Consultative Board. Promotion Committee and Special Committees as necessary

International Coffee Organization (ICO)

ORGANIZATION

International Coffee Organization (ICO) / International Coffee Organization was founded in 1963 when the International Coffee Agreement applies to the First 5-year period (1962 to 1967), since the International Coffee Agreement negotiations successive agreements made and produced in 1968 (with extensions for twice), 1976 Agreement, Agreement 1983 (and four-time extensions), Agreement in 1994 (with a one-time extension) approved the Council for a period of 5 years from 1 October 1994 and last, agreement in 2001. This organization under the auspices of the UN.

The agreement negotiated in 1962 in New York at the conference held with UN assistance. Agreement consecutive years 1968, 1976, 1983 and in 1994 negotiated Kontor Center International Coffee Organization in London, England as well as a new agreement in 2001.

PURPOSE

International Coffee Organization has the following objectives:

1. Promoting international cooperation in the field of coffee;
2. Providing a forum for Intergovernmental consultations and negotiations, if necessary, about coffee and how to achieve a proper balance between supply and demand of the world on the basis of ensuring an adequate supply of coffee at a fair price for the consumer and the market price of coffee profitable for producers, and which will support the long-term balance between production and consumption;
3. Provide a forum for consultation on the issue of coffee with the private sector;
4. Facilitating the expansion of and transparency of the international coffee trade;
5. Act as a center for collection and analysis, and dissemination and publication of economic and technical information, statistical data and study results, research and development of the coffee sector;
6. Encouraging members to develop a sustainable coffee economy;
7. Promote, encourage and increase the consumption of coffee;
8. Analyze and provide advice in the preparation of projects that benefit the world coffee economy
9. Promoting the quality of coffee and;
10. Promoting training and information programs designed to assist the transfer of technology related to the coffee fields to the Members.

In this treaty is meant coffee seeds and fruits of coffee trees, both fruit shells coffee, green coffee and roasted coffee powder including coffee, decaffeinated coffee, liquid coffee and coffee solube.

PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

Coffee is one of the many commodities grown in tropical regions in Africa, Central and South America, as well as in Asia Pacific. Known types of coffee in international markets are:

(1) Arabica coffee mainly produced in Colombia, the countries of Central America and Brazil; and

(2) lots of Robusta coffee is produced in Africa and Asia Pacific.

Of the type produced coffee, Arabica coffee is the largest part (approximately 70%) of total production and 30% the rest is Robusta coffee. Trend of world coffee production tends to increase. The highest production occurred in 1991/92, which is approximately 6 million tons. The average world coffee production is 5.6 million tons per year.

Country's largest coffee producer is Brazil with an average production of 1.6 million tons per year, Colombia with an average production of 800 thousand tons per year, and Indonesia in the third world coffee producers, with average production of 500 thousand tons per year.

Consumption
In the year 1991/92 world coffee consumption was recorded 4.3 million tons and increased to 4.6 million tons in tahun1996/97 or increased by an average 0.5% per year over the period 1991/91 - 1996/97.

The EU is the major coffee consumer in the world and need a coffee an average of 2 million tons. The next largest coffee consumer in a row is the United States and Japan each requires 1.1 million tons and 350.000 tons. In the last 5 years the United States takes an average 1.1 million tonnes coffee.

EXPORT

Coffee exports by member countries during the period ICO exporting 1991/92 - 1996/97 only slightly increased, ie an average 0.23% per year. The increase in the program occurs only during the last 2 years after the restoration of crop producers in all countries which previously had crop failures due to Drought in 1994/95. The average exports during this period was approximately 4.5 million tons. Recorded the highest exports in 1996/97 of 4.9 million tons while the lowest occurred in the year 1994/95 in the amount of 4 million tons.

Like the production, world coffee exports are also dominated by Brazil, Colombia and Indonesia. Market share of these countries is respectively 23%, 16% and 7%, with average export volume of each 1 million tons, 750.000 tons and 315.000 tons.

Increased export of processed coffee is Relatively higher than other forms of coffee. In 1991/92 the total volume of processed coffee exports reached 1.62 million tons, with a rapid increase to 2.64 million tons in tahun1996/97, or almost double the 5-year period. Processed coffee market is more dominated Brazil and Colombia each with a market share of 58% and 12%, while Indonesia has only 1.3%. In the case of export of processed coffee, the market share of Ecuador, India and Ivory Coast respectively 8.6%, 7.2% and 6.7% is much greater than the share of Indonesia.

COFFEE COMMODITY WORLD DEVELOPMENT

COFFEE COMMODITY WORLD DEVELOPMENT

Coffee became an important commodity in international trade during the 19th century. Since then the coffee trade losses due to excess inventory (over supply) and low prices, followed by periods of Relatively short from a lack of supply (short supply) and high prices.
Coffee prices may fluctuate, sometimes dramatically, depending on supply, weather and economic conditions. Not long after the Korean war coffee prices rose at a rate Unprecedented. However, in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, coffee prices dropped drastically. This situation leads to an inter-governmental initiative to stabilize the market and stop decline in coffee prices, which have political and economic consequences are serious for a large number of coffee producing countries in Latin America and Africa.

For most developing countries, the commodity coffee plays an important role in supporting the economy, both as foreign exchange earners as well as people's livelihoods. Currently classified as state Indonesia's third largest coffee producer after Brazil and Colombia and the countries of Robusta coffee producers in the world's largest. (See table coffee production and consumption of the world)

Coffee Civet

Coffee Civet is the type of coffee from coffee beans that have been eaten and passed through the digestive tract of animals called mongoose. Fame famous coffee has reached overseas. Even in the United States, there are cafes or shops that sell coffee Civet (Civet Coffee) with a fairly expensive price. copies of this mongoose droppings could reach U.S. $ 100 price per 450 grams. It's just the truth of the coffee sold is actually Civet coffee is still disputed.

Coffee is believed to fame as a myth in the past, when the coffee plantations massive open during the reign of the Dutch East Indies until the 1950s, where it was still a lot of animals have similar mongoose mongoose.

Animal mongoose delighted to find enough fruit well including the coffee fruit as food. Coffee beans from the fruit of the best coffee is a favorite of mongoose, after eating its droppings removed, which is fermented in the stomach before mongoose. Coffee beans like this, in the past often hunted coffee farmers, because it is believed to come from the best coffee beans and fermented naturally. And according to belief, this civet coffee taste is really different and special among the fans and coffee lovers.

However, current animal civet is now difficult to find. The meat is believed to cure asthma disease makes this animal continued to be hunted. Unfortunate pleasure that comes from coffee beans picked from the droppings civet coffee was only a myth.

"Coffee Civet" now has become the trademark of a coffee company. Generally, this brand of coffee can be found in shops or cafes or shops such as the Mall Atrium Senen area, or Ciputra Mall, Grogol, Jakarta contained Cafe "Coffee Civet". But not necessarily sold coffee concoction there is indeed derived from Civet or rather "dirt" Civet.

Fertilizing

Fertilizing

a. Fertilization dose of coffee per tree is:

• Age 1 year: 50 g Urea, TSP 40 g and 40 g of KCL.

• Age 2 years: 100 g Urea, TSP 80 g and 80 g of KCL.

• Age 3 years: 150 g Urea, 100 g of TSP, and 100 g of KCL.

• Age 4 years: 200 g Urea, 100 g of TSP, and 100 g of KCL.

• Age 5-10 years: 300 g Urea, 150 g of TSP, and 240 g of KCL.

• Age 10 yrs and above: 500 g Urea, 200 g of TSP, and 320 g of KCL.

b. Fertilizer given twice a year is the beginning and end of the rainy season each half dose.

c. How to fertilization by a deep trench around the tree ± 10 cm, with the distance tree canopy project (± 1 m)

Pest Control Disease.

a. Pests

• Powder Fruit Pests

 The cause is a type of ladybug

 Attacking the young and old fruit

 Control of mechanically Collecting the fruit is attacked, the technical culture in the shade and plant spacing, while the 50 SCW chemis with Dimecron INSECTICIDE, Tamaron, Argothion, Lebaycide, Sevin 85 S at a dose of 2 cc / liter of water.

• Powder Branch (Xyloborus moliberus)

 Attack small branches and twigs from 3 to 7 from the top of the coffee.

 The leaves turn yellow and fall off the branch will then dried.

 Control the same as powdered fruit pests.

b. Disease

Leaf Rust Disease

 The cause is a kind of Cendawan.

 sign attack was rash at the bottom of the yellow leaves, while on the surface of the leaves have yellow spots. Then the leaves fall, the end of young branches and fruit dried black coffee becomes dry and not good quality then the plant will die.

 Control of technical culture by planting of Arabica coffee types resistant as S 333, S 288 and S 795 and keep the condition Fungi Dithane M-45 at a dose of 2 g / liter of water.

c. Harvest

• Arabica Coffee started fruiting at the age of 4 years.

• Cite the correct Ripe red fruit, old to produce quality coffee.

• At the time of harvest (harvest) to be careful so that no part of the tree / branches / twigs) are damaged.a

Maintenance
a. Weeding
• Clearing the weeds around the coffee plants.
• weeding can be done in conjunction with ground
• For mature plants do 2 x year
b. Tree Protection
• Planting shade trees
coffee plants are in need of shelter to keep the coffee plants do not bear too much so quickly drains the power plant.
1 - 2 years before planting coffee, or take advantage of the existing plant protection.Trees planted protective
Types of plants for shade trees, among others Lamtoro, dadap, sengon, etc..

• Settings shade trees
High branching shade trees grown tall x 2 coffee trees
protective tree trimming be done in the rainy season.
If the coffee plants and shade trees have been quite large, shade trees can be extended to 1: 2 or 1: 4.
c. Trimming Coffee
• clipping Form
High trimmings from 1.5 to 1.8 m
primary branch should be cut high top 1 segment
trimming done at the end of the rainy season
• Production trimmings
Disposal wiwilan shoots (water shoots) that grow upward.
Disposal worms branches and branches through which no fruit.
branches Pembuanagn the disease pests.
trimming performed 3 to 4 times a year and worked at the beginning of the rainy season.
• clipping Rejupinasi
Aimed at the old plant and its production has fallen down
At the beginning of the rainy season, stem cut side setinggio 40 - 50 cm from the neck root. Used pieces dioles with asphalt.
Soil around the plant and fostered to do
From the few shoots that grow preserve 1 -2 shoots well and growing straight up.
Once large enough, together with good type and high production.

Arabica Coffee Plant Cultivation

Arabica Coffee Plant Cultivation

Basically for farming and the cultivation of arabica coffee through expansion activities, Rejuvenation and Rehabilitation is the same as in the new planting, namely:
Growing Conditions

• Location
Letaknyas isolated from other varieties of coffee planting ± 100 meters.ü
Land free of pests and diseasesü
Easy to controlü

• Soil
soil pH: 5.5 to 6.5ü
Top Soil: Minimum 2%.ü
Strukrur soil: Fertile, friable to the relative depthsü> 100 cm.

• Climate
High places: 800 - 2000 m aslü
Temperature: 15 º C - 25 º C.ü
Rainfall: 1750 to 3000 mm / yrü
Dry months 3 months

Plant Material
For the multiplication of plants in the field required Salur Ready seeds with the following criteria:
Source of seeds: the garden must be derived from the parent orü
companies that have been appointed.
Age of seedlings: 8 -12 monthsü
High: 20 -40 cmü
The number of old leaves at least: 5 to 7ü
The number of primary branches: 1ü
rod diameter: 5 - 6 cmü
Needs seeds / ha
• Spacing: 1.25 m x 1.25 m
• Population: 6400 plants
For embroidery: 25%

Planting
a. Planting Distance
Spacing system for arabica coffee, among others:
Aspects four: 2.5 x 2.5 mü
Fences: 1.5 x 1.5 mü
double fence: 1.5 x 1.5 x 3 cmü
b. Planting holes
Must be made 3 months before planting.ü
hole size 50 x 50 x 50 cm, 60 x 60 x 60 cm, 75 x 75 x 75 cm or 1 x 1 x 1 m for the heavy soil.ü
Soil excavation placed on the left and right holes.ü
The hole was left open for 3 months.ü
2 -4 weeks before planting, dig the soil mixed with manure to cook as much as 15/20 kg / hole, put back into the hole.ü
Land urugan not compacted.ü
c. Planting
planting done during the rainy seasonü
Neck root seedlings planted flat on the ground.ü

COFFEE PLANT CULTIVATION

COFFEE PLANT CULTIVATION

Introduction

Coffee is a commodity crop exports are quite exciting because it has economic value relatively high in the world market, besides the coffee plant is one that developed leading commodity in West Java.

Arabica coffee plants of this center has economic value is high enough compared with the Robusta coffee in 1990 where the price of Arabica coffee 1.85 U $ D / kg, whereas Robusta 0.83 U $ D / kg.

Factors that influence the decrease in Robusta coffee prices in world markets, among others:

1. Scarcity of supply of Arabica coffee.

2. Robusta coffee has over supply.

3. Use the higher Robusta coffee.

4. World market situation for this type of decline that Robusta ICO quota cut as many as 2 times a year.

From this there is need for the choice of the coffee business that has economic value and a relatively good taste and are resistant to leaf rust disease.

Attempt to seize market opportunities such as coffee with Arabica coffee plant development through rejuvenation, expansion and rehabilitation of the coffee plant to the coffee Robusta coffee Arabica.

Definition

1. Rejuvenation

Rejuvenation is the attempt to replace plants that are not economically profitable because of low productivity that need to be replaced with new ones and can result in high productivity.

2. Expansions

Expansion of activities is to plant new coffee in the neighborhood area in accordance with the requirements for growth and development of coffee plants.

3. Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation of the garden is an activity to restore the garden conditions to better conditions, thus increasing productivity. Plant rehabilitation aimed at plant populations had been reduced because of technical errors culture, pests and diseases and drought that will cause crop productivity per hectare is low or no benefit to be made.